Hyperloop technology:It is aimed to travel at a top speed of 1100 km per hour.

Hyperloop technology:  It is aimed to travel at a top speed of 1100 km per hour.

In order to understand the working of Hyperloop,it is important to realize that Hyperloop is more an engineering innovation than a new physics phenomenon .That said,its a technological marvel only a mind like Elon Musk could come up with.
First how would you achieve supersonic speed?

1..One way would be to first decrease the density  as drag depends propotionally on density of air sorrounding it.The heavier the air,the more work you have to do to move against it.

2 Another way to achieve this is to prevent "divergence drag."Before you worry that I have transcended into rocket science realm,note that there is something known as breaking the sound barrier.
After a particular speed,the hyperloop capsule cannot simply pass through air. It is moving so fast that it must push air along with it.
To understand this imagine a circular  (Loop) tube filled with water with a piece of solid cork(capsule) inside it.Let us also say you have an imaginary lever  to push this cork through this water filled circular tube.Humour me for a second by not thinking how this lever is not causing water to leak around the circumference.Now use the imaginary lever to try and drive the cork around the loop.You are essentially trying to push against the entire column of water.
Now make a hole through the centre of the cork from top to bottom face.
When you now push the cork through,water will basically go from the front of the cork through the hole and come up behind it.Naturally this means the resistance to move the cork is less.You are effectively transferring the pressure resissting  the cork motion towards the back ,in effect using it to help you move forward.Making friends with an enemy,so to say.

The pushing of the entire weight of air in front of the capsule is described as "injection" effect by the technical paper on Hyperloop.If the Hyperloop had to push like an injection(the solid cork example) it would face a lot more drag.Then how can the capsule use the cork with a hole concept mentioned above to cause air in front to move to the back and push the capsule?

3  Hyperloop achieves this by having a giant inlet at its front that sucks in air and throws it out towards the back.
But before throwing it out,a set of two compressors compress the air even further to increase the back pressure meaning even more propulsion.

4  But what drives this compressor?
It is easy to realise that a compressor with such a formidable task at supersonic speeds needs immense power.But immense power means large amounts of fuel or energy.
If this was a fuel based system(like a jet engine),a large heavy tank of fuel would be carried by the capsule.(Also would you want a supersonic hurtling -through -air  -fireball with a combustion chamber above your head- kinda transport?)
If this was electrical,the amount of battery needed on the capsule would be too large(another capsule in itself).

5 ...But what about the levitation of the capsule?It isint on any track is it?And levitating a heavy capsule containing people using air jets sounds expensive.
While the capsule is moving at high speeds,it is sorrounded by (slightly inclined) converging skis (think inclined flat plates) all around the capsule in a circle.

The  air moving with the capsule is pushed against this  wedge,stagnates and creates a pressure large enough to support the capsule.
Of course at low speeds this aerodynamic effect is not much and pressurised air jets from these skis keep the capsule floating.
Also to reach a decent movement speed,electromagnetic propulsion is used till the time the speed is enough for compressor to take over.




6 But hyperloop is not without its problems.Firstly creating a partial vaccum and maintaining it are expensive affairs.Even a small leak can be catastrophic.
Not only this,but compressors not only work to compress a gas,but gas being heated as a result of compression is a natural sideeffect.
This means one capsule is letting super hot gases at its exit and disposal of this heat is not yet clear in the technical paper yet.
However,an intercooler has been added between the compressors to cool the air.But additional measures must be adopted.

Most of the air is removed from inside a long tube and a levitated vehicle is accelerated through it using a linear electric motor and magnetic levitation. The vehicle can glide quietly at airline speeds for long distances due to the extremely low aerodynamic drag and non-contact suspension.

The system promises to be safe, quiet, weather-proof and energy efficient with no direct carbon emissions. Furthermore, it will be point-to-point, meaning for any user, the pod doors only open twice: once to let you in and once to let you out.

A growing global economy requires faster, cheaper, safer, greener and more efficient transportation modes. Roads, airports and ports are congested. The world hasn't had a mobility paradigm shift in over 100 years and it is due for one. The Hyperloop is one such solution that promises to be additive to all existing forms of transportation and will integrate seamlessly into the existing transportation ecosystem.

The Hyperloop was proposed by Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX/Tesla in a white paper in 2013, as a replacement to the California High Speed Rail.

 (1)Hyperloop Transport Concept - 3D Animation Video

 (1)The Science of Hyperloop - 3D Animation Video

Could circular runways be the future of air travel?

Could circular runways be the future of air travel? This man thinks so  

This radical concept will make takeoff and landing less risky.

Henk Hesselink :

                                        

In a bid to manage air traffic efficiently, a radical and novel concept proposes to abandon the traditional runways at airports for a circular runway. Titled as “the Endless Runway”, the breakthrough model intends to shift the lift-off and touchdown points of aircraft.

After spending years researching on the subject, Aviation expert Henk Hesselink of the Netherlands Aerospace Centre believes that circular runways could be the future of air travel. “My big idea is a circular runway. Aircraft can takeoff and land at points on this circle to make certain they have no crosswind and only headwind,” Hesselink was quoted as saying by bbc.

The main highlight of this concept is that it will become possible to let an aircraft avoid crosswinds while landing and takeoff.

“Passengers will experience a slight turn similar to a turn in the air. Because of the centrifugal forces, the aircraft will automatically go slower and towards the centre of the runway,” said the Dutch expert, adding “Pilots and passengers will not feel like they are in a roller coaster. They will only use part of this limited circle”.

A circular runway is equivalent in length to three straight runways, and up to three planes can takeoff and land anytime. Apart from military tests in the 1960s, a commercial circular runway has never been built.

Besides avoiding tricky landings, the circular runways can also have positive social and environmental impact. “This offers the possibility for less fuel burn in the area around the airfield. We can also design procedures to make certain that the environment is experiencing less noise as we now have the possibility to fly in from any direction and towards any direction. We can make a decision on where to fly and where to avoid flying,” he elaborated while adding that everyone living around the airport will have similar amount of noise. The circle of the runway, whose overall diameter is 3.5 kilometers, is large enough to provide ample space to house the terminals at its centre.

                                      

   THE TRUE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF INDIA

Science is grounded on the principle of reproducibility of results. The claims of advanced science and technology in the ancient world are based on some references in ancient scripts that may be wholly imaginary. Flying, for instance, has caught humankind’s imagination across cultures right from ancient times. Such references should be taken for the myths they are, not as scientific facts. Scientists have been able to create animal chimeras that have cells/organs of different species, much as what Greek mythology describes. Should the Greeks then be taken as pioneers in the science of chimera production? Thanks to our understanding of genetics and the ability to fertilise eggs outside the body, producing designer babies is no longer in the realm of science fiction. Should the creators of the science fiction then be credited with devising the procedures? Compare this with how Sir Arthur C. Clarke documented his idea of communications satellites in a concept paper published in 1945. Dozens of geosynchronous satellites launched each year do precisely what Sir Arthur had visualised there.

The knowledge we have gained from the study of ancient cultures—beginning with the Babylonian or the Assyrian, the Egyptian, the Greek, the Roman, the Chinese, the Indian, and the later offshoots of these major organisations of human behaviour—gives some insight into human nature.

We generally say that so-and-so is a cultured person. Though at that time we may not be actually defining 'culture' in an academic manner, we have in our mind some idea as to what culture is. We associate goodness, politeness, humility, servicefulness, and a capacity to understand and feel the circumstances and the position of other people when we conceive of the structure or character of culture.

Though at that time we may not be actually defining 'culture' in an academic manner, we have in our mind some idea as to what culture is. We associate goodness, politeness, humility, servicefulness, and a capacity to understand and feel the circumstances and the position of other people when we conceive of the structure or character of culture. Great historians such as H. G. Wells, who has written an outline of the history of the world, and those who have made studies in this line such as Arnold Toynbee, have covered an area which may be said to constitute every minute detail of psychological conduct.

The Persian language requires the pronunciation of ‘S’ as ‘H’, so ‘Sindhu’ was regarded as the name of the country, and the people and their culture ‘Hindu’. Thus ‘S’ becoming ‘H’, ‘Sindhu’ becomes ‘Hindu’; and in Greek ‘H’ becomes ‘I’, ‘Hindu’ becomes ‘Ind’, and ‘Ind’ has become ‘India’ and ‘Indians’; and ‘Hindu’ still persists.

Our ancient knowledge in production and processing of medicines was no way lower than any modern system, even though electronic control systems were not there.
Variety of observations still stand as the proof of the ancient knowledge. The Delhi Iron Pillar, Dhar Iron Pillar, ancient bronze and brass vessels, ancient knowledge in tin and lead metallurgy. Textiles industry, granite carving for civil engineering marvels which can be seen in Chola Chera Pandya, Pallava, Hoisala, Kakatheeya dynasty based constructions in South India and similar level in North India. Thus the civil engineering marvel can be seen in variety of temples, in Kumbhakonam, Chidnambaram, Tiruchenthur, Suchendram and so on

1..SUSHRUTA

The Sushruta Samhita (सुश्रुतसंहिता, IAST: Suśrutasaṃhitā, literally "Suśruta's Compendium") is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world. The Compendium of Suśruta is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda(Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Caraka-Saṃhitā, the Bheḷa-Saṃhitā, and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript. It is one of the two foundational Hindu texts on medical profession that have survived from ancient India.

2..MAHABHATATA

A dynastic struggle occurs for the throne of Hastinapur, the kingdom governed by the Kuru clan, between the Kauravas and Pandavas, collateral branches of the clan, which causes the Kurukshetra War.

3..VEDA VYASA

The Life and Works of Vyasa

At a very tender age Vyasa revealed to his parents the purpose of his life — that he should go to the forest and practice ‘Akhanda Tapas’ or continuous penance. At first, his mother did not agree but later approved on one important condition that he should appear before her whenever she wished for his presence. According to the Puranas, Vyasa took initiation from his guru sage Vasudeva. He studied the Shastras or scriptures under the sages Sanaka and Sanandana and others. He arranged the Vedas for the good of mankind and wrote the Brahma Sutras for the quick and easy understanding of the Shrutis; he also wrote the Mahabharata to enable common people to understand the highest knowledge in the easiest way. Vyasa wrote the 18 Puranas and established the system of teaching them through ‘Upakhyanas’ or discourses. In this way, he established the three paths of Karma, Upasana (devotion) and Jnana (knowledge). Vyasa’s last work was the Bhagavatam which he undertook at the instigation of Devarshi Narada, the celestial sage, who once came to him and advised him to write it, without which, his goal in life would not be reached.

4..THE MYTHOLOGY AND SCIENCE

The 102nd Indian Science Congress being held in Mumbai will be remembered for a very long time to come, but for all the wrong reasons. For the first time, the science congress had a session on “Ancient Sciences through Sanskrit”. If the Indian Science Congress had long lost its eminence as a forum where results of serious science being done in the country are presented and discussed in most sessions, the inclusion of Ancient Sciences through Sanskrit has only lowered its standing further. Even as a public session, there is no real reason whatsoever for it to have been included in the proceedings. At best, a session could have been devoted to the history of Indian science which has real and substantial achievements to celebrate, with serious scholars working on the subject presenting papers. With Prime Minister Narendra Modi setting the tone for this antiquity frenzy with his implausible claims that cosmetic surgery was practised thousands of years ago and in-vitro fertilisation-like procedure was resorted to long back, and different political leaders following it up with several other incredulous claims well before the start of the national event, the reason for the inclusion of the session becomes supremely clear. Instead of fostering scientific temper, the congress has provided a forum to seed the minds of young people with pseudoscience. Some of the papers presented were about Indians’ “knowledge of making aeroplanes” that could undertake interplanetary travel, between 7000 and 6000 BC, and “radars” that worked on the principle of detecting energy given out by animate and inanimate objects and finding out if a body was dead or alive.

VIDEO----1--INDIA- LAND OF RICH CULTURE

VIDEO----2--World Heritage Sites of India

VIDEO----3 Great Indian Mathematician - Bhaskaracharya--Leelavathi--

VIDEO----4--Aryabhatta 12 Inventions - the ancient Indian mathematician, astronomer (hindi) आर्यभट की खोजें

VIDEO----5--Ramayan really happened - Anti Hindus will be shocked.

Wonderful engineering-explained with animations.

      MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USE

Related Terms

The purposeful application of information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities.
Technology can be described in the following ways:

Tangible: blueprints, models, operating manuals, prototypes.

Intangible: consultancy, problem-solving, and training methods.

High: entirely or almost entirely automated and intelligent technology that manipulates ever finer matter and ever powerful forces.

Intermediate: semiautomated partially intelligent technology that manipulates refined matter and medium level forces.

Low: labor-intensive technology that manipulates only coarse or gross matter and weaker forces.

 1.Hydroelectricity or hydroelectric power is the electricity obtained by harnessing the power of water flowing down from a high level. It is a timeless and renewable resource. Huge generators convert the potential energy of falling or fast moving water into electrical energy.

2.Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allows any vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches (and also known as 'points' in British English) provide the steering function. The primary purpose of the steering system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle.

3. sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790,^[1] the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry.

Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.

4.The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of thecirculatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. In humans, the heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.

5.The frequency of a sine wave is the number of complete cycles that happen every second. (A cycle is the same as the period, see below.) In the bouncing weight above, the frequency is about one cycle per second.

6.Flow of electric charge....It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma. The SI unit for measuring anelectric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electriccharge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.

8.sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry.

Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.

9.A current of electricity is a steady flow of electrons. When electrons move from one place to another, round a circuit, they carry electrical energy from place to place like marching ants carrying leaves. Instead of carrying leaves, electrons carry a tiny amount of electric charge.

10.An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting  electrical energy from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the electrical energy at one location. When the fault occurs in any section of the bus bar, all the circuit equipment connected to that section must be tripped to give complete isolation in the shortest possible time.

The bus-bars used in electrical substations usually have rectangular cross section bars, but they can be in another shape also, as round tubes, solid round bars, or shape tubes. The bus-bar are usually made up of aluminum.  Aluminum have several advantages over copper such as higher conductivity, lower cost, excellent corrosion resistance, etc.

11.A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.

12.Aircraft engines are built to very different criteria to those in automobiles. As you cannot pull over to the side of the sky in the event of breakdown, reliability has been the first and foremost priority. These designs have been around for decades, and just about every possible bug has been designed out. They are also designed to give maximum power output continuously for 2000 hours. If you tried that with an automobile engine, it would be in the scrap yard very fast indeed! As a student pilot, you will be expected to understand the basic principles of operation, and you will be taught how to check oil levels and check for integrity of the alternator belt.

13.A V-shaped engine with eight cylinders = V8 — four in each cylinder bank. The combustion chamber in an engine is where the magic happens. It's where fuel, air, pressure, and electricity come together to create the small explosion that moves the car's pistons up and down, thus creating the power to move the vehicle.

1. 14.The frequency of a sine wave is the number of complete cycles that happen every second. (A cycle is the same as the period, see below.) In the bouncing weight above, the frequency is about one cycle per second.

15.Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium.

16.sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation. It is named after the function sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in pure and appliedmathematics, as well as physics, engineering, signal processing and many other fields. Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is:

${\displaystyle y(t)=A\sin(2\pi ft+\varphi )=A\sin(\omega t+\varphi )}$

where:

• A = the amplitude, the peak deviation of the function from zero.
• f = the ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations (cycles) that occur each second of time.
• ω = 2πf, the angular frequency, the rate of change of the function argument in units ofradians per second
• ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ = the phase, specifies (in radians) where in its cycle the oscillation is at t = 0.
  • When ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount ${\displaystyle \varphi }$/ω seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value represents an advance.

	Sine wave MENU 0:00 2 seconds of a 220 Hz sine wave
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The sine wave is important in physics because it retains its wave shape when added to another sine wave of the same frequency and arbitrary phase and magnitude. It is the only periodic waveform that has this property. This property leads to its importance in Fourier analysis and makes it acoustically unique.