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Friday, July 6, 2012

## LIST OF ELECTRICAL OUTLETS WORLDWIDE.....................


EXAMPLE::---ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE 'D' (INDIA)

"Type D" Electrical receptacle

Information for Type "D" Electrical Receptacle

This unique Type D plug carries the nick-name of Old British plug. It has a triangular pattern created by the placement of the 3-pins, which are round. This plug will be found in those areas that were originally powered by the British. This gem was the standard plug in the United Kingdom until the 1940s. You may still find a few around in South Africa, but for the most part they have been updated by the Type M outlet. The Type D plug is technically known as the BS 546; 5A/250Vearthed plug and receptacle.

LIST OF ELECTRICAL OUTLETS WORLDWIDE

(click column header to sort results)
ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE  
AMPS/VOLTAGE   
DESCRIPTION   
 A
15A/125V 
N. American/Japanese 2-blade NEMA 1-15, ungrounded 
15A/125V 
American 3-pin NEMA 
2.5A/250V 
Europlug 2-pin, used in continental Europe
D
5A/250V
Old British plug BS 546, 1940's standard
E
16A/250V
standard French 2-pin
F
16A/250V
Schuko plug, also accepts type C & E plugs
G
13A/230-240V, 50Hz
British 3-pin, known as the 13A plug. BS 1363, earthed and fused
H
16A/250V
Israeli 3-pin, unique only to Israel, unearthed
I
10A/240V (also 15A, 20A, 25A, and 31A)
Usually found only in Australia and New Zeland
J
10A/250V
Swiss 3-pin, SEV 1011, unearthed
K
10A/250V
Danish 3-pin, unearthed
L
10A/250V (also 16A)
Italian 3-pin, CEI23 16/VII
M
15A/250V
Standard South African plug, BS 546

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE A

Information for Type "A" Electrical Receptacle

The "Type A" electrical receptacle is known as the American/Japanese 2-blade electrical adapter plug and electrical outlet. The Type A plug is designed using two flat blades (pins). You will find this outlet on the South American east coast in small numbers, being used on small electrical equipment that doesn't require any grounding. It is most readily found all over North America. This device is known as the NEMA 1-15; North American 15A/125V ungrounded Type A outlet.
"Type A" Electrical receptacle
"Type A" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • MICRONESIA
  • NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
  • NICARAGUA
  • NIGER
  • NORTH MARIANA ISLANDS
  • PANAMA
  • PERU
  • PHILIPPINES
  • PUERTO RICO
  • SAINT MARTAIN
  • SAINT VINCENT
  • SAUDI ARABIA
  • TAIWAN
  • THAILAND
  • TRINIDAD
  • CAICOS ISLANDS
  • TURKS ISLAND
  • UNITED STATES
  • US VIRGIN ISLANDS
  • VENEZUELA
  • VIETNAM
  • YEMEN

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type A"

  • AMERICAN SAMOA
  • ANTIGUA
  • ARUBA
  • BAHAMAS
  • BANGLADESH
  • BARBADOS
  • BERMUDA
  • BRAZIL
  • BOLIVIA
  • CANADA
  • CAMBODIA
  • CAYMAN ISLANDS
  • CHINA
  • COLUMBIA
  • COSTA RICO
  • CUBA
  • DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
  • ECUADOR
  • EL SALVADOR
  • FRENCH POLYNESIA
  • GUAM
  • GUATAMALA
  • GUYANA
  • HAITI
  • HONDURAS
  • JAMAICA
  • JAPAN
  • LAOS
  • LEBANON
  • LIBERIA
  • MALDIVES
  • MARSHALL ISLANDS
  • MEXICO


ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE B

Information for Type "B" Electrical Receptacle

Like the Type A plug, the "type B" electrical receptacle has two flat parallel pins, but also has a round grounding (earthed) pin. It has a wider neutral blade to insure that it is plugged in correctly, which grounds the plug before power is applied. Also known as the North American 3-pin, it's technical description isNEMA 5-15; North American 15A/125V grounded Type B outlet.
"Type B" Electrical receptacle
"Type B" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • PALAU
  • PANAMA
  • PERU
  • PHILIPPINES
  • PUERTO RICO
  • MARSHALL ISLANDS
  • MEXICO
  • MOLDOVA
  • NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
  • NIGER
  • PALAU
  • PANAMA
  • PERU
  • PHILIPPINES
  • PUERTO RICO
  • SAINT MARTIN
  • SAO TOME
  • SAUDI ARABIA
  • TAIWAN
  • TRINIDAD
  • UNITED STATES
  • US VIRGIN ISLANDS
  • VENEZUELA

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type B"

  • AMERICAN SAMOA
  • ANTIGUA
  • ARUBA
  • BAHAMAS
  • BARBADOS
  • BELIZE
  • BERMUDA
  • BRAZIL
  • CANADA
  • CAYMAN ISLANDS
  • COLUMBIA
  • COSTA RICA
  • CUBA
  • ECUDOR
  • EL SALVADOR
  • FRENCH POLYNESIA
  • GUAM
  • GUATEMALA
  • GUYANA
  • HAITI
  • HONDURAS
  • JAMAICA
  • JAPAN
  • KYRGYZSTAN
  • LAOS
  • LEBANON
  • LIBERIA
  • MARSHALL ISLANDS
  • MEXICO
  • MOLDOVA
  • NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
  • NIGER

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE C

Information for Type "C" Electrical Receptacle

The "Type C" is a European 2-pin electrical outlet, generally referred to as theEuroplug. It is a 2-pinned unearthed plug that is found all over continental Europe, and some spots in the middle east, as well as much of South America, Africa, central Asia, and even in the old Soviet Republics. This Type C outlet is similar to another plug (CEE 7/17) which has pins that are a bit larger. However the Type C plug is known as CEE 7/16; Europlug 2.5A/250V unearthed outlet (CEE 7/16 or Type C plug is only to be used on those devices that call for 2.5A or less).
"Type C" Electrical receptacle
"Type C" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • MACEDONIA
  • MADAGASCAR
  • MALI
  • MOLDOVA
  • MONACO
  • MONGOLIA
  • MONTENEGRO
  • MOROCCO
  • MOZAMBIQUE
  • NEPAL
  • NETHERLANDS
  • NIGER
  • NORFOLK ISLAND
  • NORTH KOREA
  • NORWAY
  • PAKINSTAN
  • PARAGUAY
  • PERU
  • PHILIPPINES
  • POLAND
  • PORTUGAL
  • ROMANIA
  • RUSSIA
  • RWANDA
  • SAINT VINCENT
  • SENEGAL
  • SERBIA
  • SLOVENIA
  • SOLOMON ISLANDS
  • SOMALIA
  • SOUTH KOREA
  • SPAIN
  • SUDAN
  • SWEDEN
  • SYRIA
  • TAJIKISTAN
  • THAILAND
  • TIMOR-LESTE
  • TOGO
  • TUNISIA
  • TURKEY
  • TUVALU
  • UKRAINE
  • URUGUAY
  • UZBEKISTAN
  • VIETNAM
  • WEST BANK
  • WESTERN SAHARA
  • ZAMBIA

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type C"

  • AFGHANISTAN
  • ALBANIA
  • ALGERIA
  • ANDORRA
  • ANGOLA
  • ANTARCTICA
  • ARMENIA
  • AZERBAIJAN
  • BANGLADESH
  • BELARUS
  • BOLIVIA
  • BOSNIA
  • BRAZIL
  • BUGARIA
  • BURKINA FASO
  • BURMA
  • BURUNDI
  • CAMBODIA
  • CAMEROON
  • CAPE VERDE
  • CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
  • CHILE
  • CHRISTMAS ISLAND
  • COCOS ISLANDS
  • COMOROS
  • CROATIA
  • CUBA
  • CONGO
  • DENMARK
  • DIJBOUTI
  • EGYPT
  • FINLAND
  • GABON
  • GERMANY
  • GIBRALTAR
  • GREECE
  • GREENLAND
  • GUINEA
  • VATICAN CITY
  • HUNGARY
  • ICELAND
  • INDIA
  • INDONESIA
  • IRAN
  • IRAQ
  • ISLE OF MAN
  • ISRAEL
  • ITALY
  • IVORY COAST
  • JERSEY
  • KAZAKHSTAN
  • KOSOVO
  • LAOS
  • LATVIA
  • LEBANON
  • LITHUANIA
  • LUXEMBOURG

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE D

Information for Type "D" Electrical Receptacle

This unique Type D plug carries the nick-name of Old British plug. It has a triangular pattern created by the placement of the 3-pins, which are round. This plug will be found in those areas that were originally powered by the British. This gem was the standard plug in the United Kingdom until the 1940s. You may still find a few around in South Africa, but for the most part they have been updated by the Type M outlet. The Type D plug is technically known as the BS 546; 5A/250Vearthed plug and receptacle.
"Type D" Electrical receptacle
"Type D" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • SAINT KITTS
  • SIERRA LEONENEPAL
  • NIGER
  • NIGERIA
  • PAKISTAN
  • QATAR
  • SAINT HELENA
  • SAINT KITTS
  • SIERRA LEONE
  • SOLOMON ISLANDS
  • SRI LANKA
  • SUDAN
  • TANZANIA
  • YEMEN
  • ZAMBIA
  • ZIMBABWE

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type D"

  • BANGLADESH
  • BHUTAN
  • BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
  • BURME
  • CHAD
  • DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
  • DOMINICA
  • ETHIOPIA
  • GHANA
  • GUYANA
  • INDIA
  • IRAQ
  • JORDAN
  • KUWAIT
  • LEBANON
  • LYBIA
  • MACAU
  • MALDIVES
  • MONACO
  • NEPAL
  • NIGER
  • NIGERIA
  • PAKISTAN
  • QATAR
  • SAINT HELENA

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE E

Information for Type "E" Electrical Receptacle

This Type E plug plays very well with others. It is compatible with Type C and Type F devices because of the 2-pin round design where the pins are placed 19mm apart, making for their compatibility. The Type E is called the French 2-pin and is the standard device in France, Poland, Denmark, Belgium, and several other countries. It is not compatible with Type F plug that is standard in Netherlands, Germany and other continental European countries because of the placement of the grounding round male pin within the socket that grounds appliances. This Type E is technically known as the French CEE 7/5; 16A/250V earthed plug and receptacle.
"Type E" Electrical receptacle
"Type E" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • NIGER
  • POLAND
  • REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
  • SAINT BARTHELEMY
  • SAINT PIERRE
  • SAINT VINCENT
  • SLOVAKIA
  • SYRIA
  • TUNISIA
  • WESTERN SAHARA

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type E"

  • BELGIUM
  • BENIN
  • BURKINA FASO
  • BURUNDI
  • CAMEROON
  • CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
  • CHAD
  • CZECH REPUBLIC
  • DJIBOUTI
  • EQUATORIAL GUINEA
  • FRANCE
  • GREECE
  • IVORY COAST
  • LAOS
  • MADAGASCAR
  • MALI
  • MONACO
  • MONGOLIA
  • MOROCCO

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE F

Information for Type "F" Electrical Receptacle

The "Schuko" plug or Type F plug and outlet is very similar to a Type E device, with the exception being it has two ground clips on the side, instead of a single female contact. The name "Schuko" is derived from a German created word "Schukostecker" that literally means "protective contact plug." The F Type device is technically known as CEE 7/4; 16A/250V German Schuko plug.
"Type F" Electrical receptacle
"Type F" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • MACEDONIA
  • MAYOTTE
  • MONACO
  • MONTENEGRO
  • MOZAMBIQUE
  • NETHERLANDS
  • NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
  • NEW CALEDONIA
  • NORWAY
  • PORTUGAL
  • ROMANIA
  • RUSSIA
  • SAUDI ARABIA
  • SERBIA
  • SLOVENIA
  • SOUTH KOREA
  • SPAIN
  • SURINAME
  • SVALBARD
  • SWEDEN
  • TIMOR-LESTE
  • TURKEY
  • TURKMENISTAN
  • URUGUAY

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type F"

  • AFGHANISTAN
  • ABANIA
  • ALGERIA
  • AMERICAN SAMOA
  • ANDORRA
  • ANTARTICA
  • ARMENIA
  • ARUBA
  • AUSTRIA
  • AZERBAIJAN
  • BELARUS
  • BHUTAN
  • BOSNIA
  • BULGARIA
  • BURMA
  • CAPE VERDE
  • CHAD
  • CROATIA
  • ESTONIA
  • FINLAND
  • GERMANY
  • GREECE
  • GUINEA
  • HUNGARY
  • ICELAND
  • INDONESIA
  • ITALY
  • JORDAN
  • LAOS
  • LATVIA
  • LITHUANIA
  • LUXEMBOURG

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE G

Information for Type "G" Electrical Receptacle

This 3-pin electrical outlet and plug from our British friends is the Type G receptacle. The blades are rectangular in shape and the plug has a fuse built in, this protects electrical cords from high-current circuits. This device will usually have a safety switch. It may be known more commonly as the 13-amp plug, which has gates built in that protect the live and neutral connections and also prevent the insertion of incorrect or unsafe plugs. The gates are opened only by the longer pins of the Type G device; it is not advisable to tamper with these gates by opening them with a screwdriver to insert a Type C or other plugs, as these do not have a built in fuse. Technically known as the BS 1363; 13A/230-240V; 50HzBritish earthed and fused plug and receptacle.
"Type G" Electrical receptacle
"Type G" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • MALTA
  • MAURITIUS
  • NIGERIA
  • OMAN
  • PITCAIRN ISLAND
  • QATAR
  • SAINT HELENA
  • SAINT KITTS
  • SAINT LUCIA
  • SAINT VINCENT
  • SAUDI ARABIA
  • SEYCHELLES
  • SINGAPORE
  • TANZANIA
  • TIMOR-LESTE
  • UGANDA
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
  • UNITED KINGDOM
  • VIETNAM
  • YEMEN
  • ZAMBIA
  • ZIMBABWE

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type G"

  • BAHRAIN
  • BANGLADESH
  • BELIZE
  • BHUTAN
  • BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY
  • BRUNEI
  • BURMA
  • CHINA
  • CYPRUS
  • DOMINICA
  • FALKLAND ISLANDS
  • GAMBIA
  • GIBRALTAR
  • GRENADA
  • GUATEMALA
  • GHANA
  • GUYANA
  • HONG KONG
  • INDONESIA
  • IRAQ
  • IRELAND
  • ISLE OF MAN
  • JERSEY
  • JORDAN
  • KENYA
  • KUWAIT
  • LEBANON
  • MACAU
  • MALAWI
  • MALAYSIA
  • MALDIVES

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE H

Information for Type "H" Electrical Receptacle

The Type H Israeli electrical plug and outlet is completely unique to Israel. The 3-pin triangular formation is very easy to spot when compared to other types. The original Type H assembly is rare and was redesigned in 1989 by replacing the three flat pins with three 4mm round pins. This revision was needed because the original thin flat blades became overheated when attached to larger electrical items. The revised sockets accept both the old and new plugs, and also accommodate Type C plugs. The technical reference is 16A/250V Israeli unearthed plug.
"Type H" Electrical receptacle
"Type H" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type H"

  • GAZA STRIP
  • ISRAEL

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE I

Information for Type "I" Electrical Receptacle

The Australian Type I plug and outlet device has 2 flat oblique blades that are placed in the form of a V, with a third blade providing a pin for grounding. This safety conscious device usually has a switch for extra safety, being used generally in Australia and New Zealand. You can find an unearthed Type I plug, but it will always be 3-pinned. The technical name for this device is AS/NZS 10A/240VAustralian plug and outlet. This plug has several variations in amperage including a 15A, 20A, 25A, and a 32A plug.
"Type I" Electrical receptacle
"Type I" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes
  • TAJIKISTAN
  • TOKELAU
  • TONGA
  • URUGUAY
  • UZBEKISTAN
  • VANUATU

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type I"

  • AMERICAN SAMOA
  • ARGENTINA
  • AUSTRALIA
  • CHINA
  • COOK ISLAND
  • FIJI
  • GUATEMALA
  • KIRIBATI
  • NAURU
  • NEW ZELAND
  • NIUE
  • PAPUA NEW GUINEA
  • SAINT VINCENT
  • SAMOA


ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE J

Information for Type "J" Electrical Receptacle

The Swiss make this 3-pin electrical outlet and plug device, thus its name "Swiss 3-pin" is an obvious choice. Quite similar to the Europlug Type C, with the difference being partly that the Type J has a grounding pin off to one side. The Swiss Type J is the standard in Switzerland, and has a three square prong configuration that is rated up to a 16A application. Anything above 16A would require a hard-wire configuration, or a special high-powered industrial grade connection. The Type J device is technically called SEV 1011; 10A/250V Swiss electrical receptacle.
"Type J" Electrical receptacle
"Type J" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type J"

  • ETHIOPIA
  • JORDAN
  • LIECHTENSTEIN
  • MALDIVES
  • RWANDA
  • SPAIN
  • SWITZERLAND

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE K

Information for Type "K" Electrical Receptacle

The Type K electrical receptacle is the Danish standard device. The Type K has a spaded grounding pin and two round pins making it a 3-pin plug and outlet. It's similar to the Type E, with the differences being in the way the grounding pin and holes are configured (somewhat opposite in that one is an "innie" where the other is an "outie,"). The technical name for this device is SRAF 1962 DB 10A/250V; Danish standard plug.
"Type K" Electrical receptacle
"Type K" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type K"

  • DENMARK
  • FALKLAND ISLANDS
  • FAROE ISLANDS
  • GREENLAND
  • GUINEA
  • MALDIVES
  • SENEGAL

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE L

Information for Type "L" Electrical Receptacle

The Type L Italian 3-pin plug has two round pins with a third round grounding pin in a line, making it okay for the live or neutral pins to be inserted in either direction. This is the standard in Italy. There are two other types of L sockets, with the first being smaller with a center hole, and two 8-shaped holes above and below. The second type appears similar to the Type F, but has a center grounding hole, and is twice as big as the Type L socket. The technical name of the Type L device isCEI 23-16/VIIItalian earthed plug/socket standard.
"Type L" Electrical receptacle
"Type L" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type L"

  • CHILE
  • ETHIOPIA
  • VATICAN CITY
  • ITALY
  • LYBIA
  • SYRIA
  • URUGUAY

ELECTRICAL OUTLET TYPE M

Information for Type "M" Electrical Receptacle

The Type M electrical receptacle is used primarily in South Africa. This electrical plug has three round pins, and is pretty much a larger version of the Type D. It is considered the standard plug in South Africa. The technical name for this device isBS 546; 15A/250V South African Plug.
"Type M" Electrical receptacle
"Type M" Electrical receptacle
Source: K9keystrokes

Countries that Require "Electrical Outlet Type M"

  • HONG KONG
  • LESOTHO
  • MOZAMBIQUE
  • NAMBIA
  • SWAZILAND

Wednesday, July 4, 2012

Control Relay----Basic relay concept...How a Relay Works..........


Control Relay Tutorial - How a Relay Works

An octal base relay (like the one shown below) is one of the most common electrical devices in use today. Also referred to as general purpose relays, they're widely available in both 8 and 11 pin models, with 8 being the most common. The base of the relay is designed to plug into a socket, which makes installation and replacement (if required) very easy.Control Relay

This basic relay is constructed of 5 main parts:
The Coil
The Armature
The Contacts
The Base (which consists of the socket pins)
The Molded Plastic Frame

The relay works on the principle of electromagnetic force. When the coil is energized, it becomes magnetized. The armature (made of a ferromagnetic material and in close proximity to the coil) - is attracted to the coil by this magnetic force and moves towards it until it comes to rest against the coil's iron core.
Attached to the pivoting end of the armature is a spring. The purpose of the spring is to return the armature to its original position (away from the coil) when the coil is de-energized. Also attached to the armature are the arms of the movable set of contacts (the common contacts). See the illustration below:

In an 8 pin relay (as shown here) there are 2 common contacts, 2 normally open contacts, and 2 normally closed contacts. In an 11 pin relay, there are 3 of each of the aforementioned. These contacts are made of an electrically conductive material such as copper. The common contacts have this material embedded on both sides of the movable arms. The relationships of all of the contacts is explained as follows:
The common contacts carry the supply voltage that is to be connected to another electrical device(s). In the de-energized state of the relay, these common contacts are in contact with (touching) the normally closed contacts.
Before we go to far, it's important to think of a relay as an electrical switch. That is, a remote controlled switch, designed to direct the current path from one part of the circuit to another. You must also understand that although there are (in this case) 2 of each type of contact (common, normally open and normally closed), each is designed to complete a path independent and separate from the other contact of similar type.
Also, when we use the term "normally closed" it means that in the normal state of the relay (de-energized) the common contacts are providing conductive paths to their normally closed contact partners and only to these contacts. At the same time, there is no completed paths to the "normally open" contacts.
So then, when the relay is de-energized, the common contact #1 is making contact with the normally closed contact #1 and the common contact #2 is completing a circuit path with the normally closed contact #2. When the relay is energized, the situation is reversed. Now the common contact #1 is completing a conductive path to the normally open contact #1 and at the same time, the common contact #2 is making contact with the normally open contact #2. The electrical conductive paths that did exist with the "normally closed" contacts have now been "opened". The paths no longer exist.
The Pin Out connections on the base of the relay are as follows:
Pin #1 = Wired to Common Contact #1
Pin #2 = Wired to One end of the Relay Coil (electricity flowing through both ends is required to energize)
Pin #3 = Wired to Normally Open Contact #1
Pin #4 = Wired to Normally Closed Contact #1
Pin #5 = Wired to Normally Closed Contact #2
Pin #6 = Wired to Normally Open Contact #2
Pin #7 = Wired to the Other end of the Relay Coil
Pin #8 = Wired to Common Contact #2

Relay Base, click to enlarge
Base of Octal Pin Relay
For other views of the relay, click here.
To further illustrate how a relay works, let's look at it as it functions within an electrical circuit.
First, we need to know the symbols for the parts of a relay. The illustration below shows the 3 symbols used in an electrical schematic to represent the 3 parts: The coil, a normally open contact and a normally closed contact.

You'll note that there is no symbol representing the common contact of a relay. That's because it's generally understood that one side of each of the normally closed and normally open contact symbols is to be the common contact side. It can be either side and it depends on how you reference the pin connections in the drawing. Look at the illustration below as we examine a pushbutton, relay coil, 2 contacts and 2 lights in a simple control circuit.

L1 and L2 represents our supply voltage which could be 120 VAC or 24 VDC or something else... it really doesn't matter in this case. The symbol labeled PB1 represents our push button. It is shown in the open position. As a footnote, all electrical schematics are drawn in the de-energized state.
The devices labeled GRN and RED represent our lamps. CR1 is the relay coil, CR1.1 is one of the normally closed contacts belonging to the relay CR1 and CR1.2 is one of the normally open contacts. Note that the pin numbers for the relay parts have been referenced (refer to the pin out table above for clarity).
RELAY UN-ENERGIZED (as shown above)
When the push button (PB1) is not pressed, current (shown in purple) is able to flow from L1 through the normally closed contact CR1.1, through the green lamp (GRN) and back to L2, thus energizing and illuminating our green lamp.
RELAY ENERGIZED (as shown below)

When the push button (PB1) is pressed, current is able to flow from L1 through PB1, through the relay coil (CR1) and back to L2, energizing our relay. At this point, our contacts switch. All of the contacts that were closed, now open and all of the contacts that were open, now close.
So, with the relay CR1 energized, the contact CR1.1 opens, blocking current flow on that path and de-energizing our green lamp. The contact CR1.2 closes, allowing current to flow from L1, through the contact CR1.2 and the lamp (RED) and back to L2, thus energizing and illuminating our red lamp.
Note that the symbols used in the latter drawing (and the colors as well, for that matter) are for illustrative purposes only. Remember, electrical schematics are always drawn in the un-energized state.








This is a device consisting of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. When electricity is applied to the coil of wire it becomes magnetic, hence the term electromagnet. The A B and C terminals are an SPDT switch controlled by the electromagnet.   When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the SPDT switch so that the B and C terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then the A and C terminals are connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet ismagnetically linked to the switch but the two are NOT linked electrically.


 There is another type of relay called a solenoid that basically works on the same principle. The solenoid electromagnet consists of wire wrapped around a tube containing an iron cylinder called a "plunger". When electricity is supplied to the wire coil, the "plunger" moves through the tube and activates a switch.

Sunday, July 1, 2012

GO-GREEN........................... ENERGY FROM WASTES

    
The pedal powered laptop


 While there are solar powered laptops that will allow a computer to be powered without an energy source, not everyone may be able to afford them. There was always the hope that there would be an affordable way for people in poorer and very remote areas to be able to benefit from the uses of a computer and there finally is because of the pedal powered laptop in Afghanistan. Pedal power laptop is a pedal powered machine that uses nothing but pedal power to operate the laptop. The system is set up so that just about anyone with two legs would be able to power the laptop and they claim that even a third grader can step up to the pedal power laptop computer and get to work with no problems.



 Pedal Powered Laptop

The computer model itself is called the XO and uses a hand crank to power the system. The pedal powered laptop needs no additional power sources at all and it easily transported through the countryside and rural areas where people may not have access to a computer or the power sources to run one traditionally. While this is only a prototype, they seem to be having some initial success and may expand the program even further if testing shows more positive results.
The pedal power laptop is meant to allow children in schools to be able to have computer access. The prototype is actually hooked up so that the hand crank generator is underneath the desk for the children to use while they are seated at their desk. In addition, they are using software that would enable the students to basically be on a common server.
The system that they are using is the OpenWRT Freifunk router firmware. This provides a connection throughout the classroom with no cable connections and will also enable them to expand the network to other classrooms as well. It may even go past the school walls, which would enable any child with this system in their home to be able to connect as well. Imagine a child that missed a day of school because of being ill still able to attend class remotely.
The whole model is currently under observation and there are about 2,500 of the prototype computers in circulation in different parts of Kabul, Heart and Jalalabad. They success of the system will be evaluated and tweaked as needed to create a successful learning environment without the need for power for the computers.





           
What is Inside Wind turbines


Wind turbines are used to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. Historical they were more frequently used as a mechanical device to turn machinery. There are two main kinds of wind generators, those with a vertical axis, and those with a horizontal axis. Wind turbines can be used to generate large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and offshore. The articles on this page are about wind turbines.
    


                   Wind Turbine 

                 





                          Wind Farm


                   Wind Power

GO-GREEN   ENERGY FROM WASTES

         Waste to Energy



Converting Waste Heat to Electricity

Waste HeatWith rapid industrialization, the world has seen the development of a number of items or units, which generate heat. Until now this heat has often been treated as a waste, making people wonder if this enormous heat being generated can be transformed into a source of electric power. Now, with the physicists at the  finding new ways to harvest energy through heat, this dream is actually going to become a reality. 

Costs for Thermo-photovoltaic Cells Significantly Reduced

Thermophotovoltaic CellThermo-photovoltaic (TPV) cells are great for converting radiation from any heat source to power. These cells can generate power from the wasted heat which gets released when glass or steel is produced. Adding these TPV cells to domestic power systems can help generate power along with heating water. TPV systems are also too complex for everyday use. Both of these reasons have made the TPV systems beyond industrial and domestic consumer routine set-up.

Water into Hydrogen Fuel with Waste Energy

Water into Hydrogen FuelWith each passing day, scientists are coming out with unique solutions to lessen our dependence on fossil fuels. They are now thinking of turning stray forms of energy such as noise or random vibrations from the environment into useful form of energy. They want to use piezoelectric effect for such purposes. Some materials produce electricity while undergoing mechanical stress. This is known as piezoelectric effect. Small piezoelectric crystals can come up with enough voltage to create a spark which can be utilized to ignite gas. 

Fuel from Chicken Feathers?

Chicken FeathersIf we go by the stats, every year 11 billion pounds of poultry industry waste accumulates annually, because we have gigantic appetite for poultry products. They can't be stuffed into pillows. Mostly they are utilized as low-grade animal feed. Scientists in Nevada have created a new and environmentally friendly process for developing  from 'chicken feather meal'. Professor Manoranjan 'Mano' Misra and his team members at the  discovered that chicken feather meal consists of processed chicken feathers, blood, and innards. Prof. Misra has been honored as the 2010 Regents' Researcher by the Nevada System of Higher Education Board of Regents. 

Waste to Energy Continues to Gain Steam

Waste to EnergyWhile new energy solutions are being discovered, refined and brought further and further into the public light, something that does not get a lot of headlines is. How something like this continues to not be used in the United States is incredible as countries like Japan have been using it for quite some time and dramatically improving their waste disposal problems in highly populated areas. 

Converting Water and CO2 into Fuel

Water CO2 FuelResearchers are trying to duplicate the natural process of photosynthesis. If successful, we can use the “evil” carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and industrial units to good use. This way, industrial units don’t have to establish new subsidiary units for the treatment of carbon dioxide. Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories have developed a prototype machine that utilizes the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into the molecular building blocks that can be utilized as transportation fuels. If researchers can make this device produce twice the energy generated by the natural process of photosynthesis, it will do great service to environment. It will pave the way to recycle CO2.

Waste Heat Could Double Battery Life on Laptops, Cell Phones

Laptop ComputerWhen we utilize any gadget or means of comfort we know that these devices consume energy. But the energy is not utilized by devices. Some of the energy is lost in the form of friction or heat. For example when we are exploiting the power of computer processor chips, car engines or electric power plants there is a necessity of getting rid of excess heat otherwise the equipments will not perform at their optimal level. Now researchers are thinking about using Peter Hagelstein is the co-writer of this concept and an associate professor of electrical engineering at MIT. His paper was published in the November 2009 issue of the Journal of Applied Physics

Turning Wastewater into Ethanol

Wastewater into EthanolAs the world continues to search for alternative fuels to fuel our cars and heat our homes, many different opportunities are being explored and there has finally been a significant breakthrough in turning wastewater into ethanol as an automobile fuel source. Qteros andApplied Clean Tech have teamed up to create abiofuel that will get us that much closer to having another true "green" energy source. Water treatment systems are expensive to run and have presented communities where they are located with some significant challenges. Most notably, what they can do with the sludge that is left over once the wastewater has been treated. Plant managers may no longer faced with the difficult task of figuring out this problem.

Getting Biofuel from the World’s Garbage

Biofuel from GarbageThere is plenty of garbage on this planet; in fact there is so much garbage that many developed countries are trying to dump their garbage on the lands of lesser developed countries, at a fee of course. But does dumping garbage on other places solve the problem? On the contrary it spreads pollutions and diseases. In fact it is more dangerous to dump garbage in the less developed countries (because there are neither technologies available to process it nor enough awareness). Even creating landfills wastes precious resources.

Electricity and Desalination from Wastewater

Electricity Desalination WastewaterIn most part of the world safe and clean drinking water is unavailable for daily consumption and industrial use. Currently to desalinate water two kinds of technologies are being used. First is known as reverse osmosis and the second is electro-dialysis. Both of these processes need huge amount of energy. A team of scientists from China and U.S.A are working to eliminate ninety percent of the salts from seawater or brackish water. They are also trying to generate electricity from wastewater. "Water desalination can be accomplished without electrical energy input or high water pressure by using a source of organic matter as the fuel to desalinate water," reported in a recent online issue of Environmental Science and Technology. 
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Hydrogen From Waste Materials

Hydrogen From WasteEnvironmentalists are continuously searching for green and clean fuel. Until now they have been putting a lot of energy and talent into hydrogen fuels because when hydrogen is burned, the only emission it makes is water vapor. So it is a great advantage that burning of hydrogen doesn’t produce carbon dioxide. Clearly, hydrogen is less of a pollutant in the air because it emits little tail pipe pollution. Engineers at the University of Leeds are working on a project keeping hydrogen in mind. They are developing an energy efficient, environmental-friendly hydrogen production system but with a difference. They are trying to extract hydrogen from waste materials. These materials can be vegetable oil or the glycerol by-product of bio-diesel. They are aspiring for the high purity hydrogen-based fuel that could be utilized for large-scale power production. They are also developing hydrogen cells for laptops or other gadgets. A grant of over £400k has been awarded to the University by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) within a consortium of 12 institutions known as SUPERGEN Sustainable Hydrogen Delivery. 
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Nanotube Technology Transforms CO2 Into Fuel

Nanotube TechnologyPresence of surplus carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has taken center stage in the environmental science. All over the world people are worried about the excess amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because it’s causing undesirable changes in the surroundings such as green house effect, global warming, melting of ice caps on the glaciers etc. So most of the environmental scientists are trying to minimize the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
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Trans-America Journey Powered by Waste Vegetable Oil

Stacy JurichWe love to read about different travelers and their adventures, wishing secretly that we could be in their shoes. Here is a young traveler, Stacy Jurich, 2006 graduate of Ohio State University. She is on a 3 ½ month journey across the country, driving her 1981 Mercedes across America. So what is new? She is driving a Mercedes using waste vegetable oil as fuel hence promoting use of alternative fuel. She lives in Toledo, Ohio where she shoulders the responsibility of running a non-profit organization known as "Toledo Choose Local." This non-profit organization promotes self sustenance using local resources. 

Converting waste into a renewable energy sources

Waste Renewable EnergyConsider a technology that not only keeps your surroundings clean it also produces renewable energy at a low cost. Wheelabrator Technologies Inc., a U.S. pioneer for municipal technology, wants to make sure that your waste doesn’t go waste. Literally. Wheelabrator's waste-to-energy facilities produce steam and electricity by burning large quantities of municipal trash and they have been using this proven and time-tested mass-burn technology to produce energy for the past 100 years!

Waste as a Renewable Energy Source

Waste Energy SourceThe enormous increase in the quantum and diversity of waste materials generated by human activity and their potentially harmful effects on the general environment and public health, have led to an increasing awareness about an urgent need to adopt scientific methods for safe disposal of wastes. While there is an obvious need to minimize the generation of wastes and to reuse and recycle them, the technologies for recovery of can play a vital role in mitigating the problems. Besides recovery of substantial energy, these technologies can lead to a substantial reduction in the overall waste quantities requiring final disposal, which can be better managed for safe disposal in a controlled manner while meeting the pollution control standards. 

Energy Technology

Waste Energy PollutionDespite being an attractive technological option for waste management, combustion-based processes for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment are a subject of intense debate around the world. In the absence of effective controls, harmful pollutants may be emitted into the air, land and water which may influence human health and environment. Although incineration of municipal waste coupled with energy recovery can form an essential part of an integrated waste management system, yet strict controls are required to prevent its negative impacts on human health and environment. 

Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass

Anaerobic DigestionThe generation and disposal of organic waste without adequate treatment result in significant environmental pollution. Besides health concerns for the people in the vicinity of disposal sites, degradation of waste leads to uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Conventional means, like aeration, is energy intensive, expensive and also generates a significant quantity of biological sludge. In this context, anaerobic digestion offers potential energy savings and is a more stable process for medium and high strength organic effluents. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants, based on anaerobic digestion of biomass, are highly efficient in harnessing the untapped renewable energy potential of organic waste by converting the biodegradable fraction of the waste into high calorific gases. Apart from treating the wastewater, the methane produced from the biogas facilities can be recovered, with relative ease, for electricity generation and industrial/domestic heating.

Turning Airborne Carbon Into Fuel

Carbon FuelWe are already experiencing the ill effects of greenhouse gases in the form of global warming, glaciers and polar ice melting, rise in the sea level and sudden, unpredictable variation in weather, turning catastrophic sometimes. The eventual effect of global warming is sending a chill down the spines of environmentalists. Several teams of researchers are working overnight on carbon capture technology. It intends to remove undesirable amount of carbon dioxide, the main culprit in global warming, from the atmosphere. 

San Francisco Greasecycle Program

GreasecycleFor the past several months the San Francisco Public Utility Commission (SFPUC) has begun picking up used cooking oil from restaurants and businesses for free in an effort to find fuel alternatives for its municipal fleet. The city hopes to expand the grease recycling program (called SFGreasecycle) to include small-scale household pickups and eventually power all city vehicles on biodiesel, including public buses and fire trucks. The oil is picked from local restaurants by SFPUC trucks, dropped off at a transfer station, filtered, transferred into a multi storage tank settling system, then decanted for three days. The oil is then sold to a biodiesel plant using bulk transport tractor-trailer pickups. 
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Harvesting Hydrogen from Farm Waste

BiohydrogenThe National Research Council of Canada's Biotechnology Research Institute has begun research and development of a process that will extract hydrogen from organic waste materials like fermentable feedstock and manure. The materials are processed to hydrogen by dark and photofermentation. The goal is to "come up with biosystems that could be grouped into a multiple-stage process to capture almost all the hydrogen from the primary feedstock". One dairy farm in Ontario is already producing power from manure using an anaerobic digester